Among the many questions that my partner asks me – most of which are annoying, but don’t tell her that – was a particular query which stood out. (Ok, I am sure I have numerous habits that annoy her, so the ledger balances out). She asked ‘why does Israel want southern Lebanon?

That is a perfectly valid question, so let’s explore that topic.

Israeli politicians have wanted to control and occupy southern Lebanon for decades. Why? The Litani River – a major water resource of southern Lebanon, can form a natural northern border for the Zionist state. Tel Aviv wants water. Not that Palestinian land is infertile, but much of historical Palestine is semi-arid. The Litani river would provide millions of gallons of water.

The Litani, called Leontes in ancient times, originates in the fertile Beqaa Valley, and flows into the Mediterranean. It is the only river that flows entirely within Lebanon’s borders.

Let’s have a look at a map of south Lebanon, showing the trajectory of the Litani River:

For more information, here is a link to a Google map, displaying the Litani River’s trajectory with modern day borders and city locations.

Israeli leaders have wanted to control south Lebanon, up to and including the Litani River, encompassing the towns and villages located in this map:

This goal of occupying south Lebanon is not a new development. Nor is it motivated by purely defensive military needs. Tel Aviv routinely portrays its repeated incursions into Lebanon – which it has done ten times since 1948 – as dictated by military necessity. Surely it is invading Lebanon only because Hezbollah, or Palestinian fighters, or some other Arab/Islamic bogeyman, is threatening northern Israel?

Well, that rationale stands exposed as a blatant hypocrisy when taking into account the fact that Zionist leaders have desired to occupy South Lebanon, and the Litani River, since 1918.

David Ben Gurion, one of the founding fathers of the Zionist state, translated a vague yearning for Palestine into practical action and definitive objectives. In 1918, as Palestine was allocated to the British, Ben Gurion made clear that a proposed Jewish state in Palestine would definitely include South Lebanon within its borders. The Litani River figured large in the imagination of the early Zionist movement.

In 1919, Chaim Weizmann, chairperson of the World Zionist Organisation, spoke of the crucial importance of the Litani River to a proposed Jewish state in Palestine. Speaking with then British Prime Minister David Lloyd George, Weizmann stated that while Lebanon had no need for the Litani River, its importance for the fledgling Jewish state was immense.

During the Versailles peace conference, held to resolve the disputes of World War One, the Zionist Organisation published maps of the proposed ‘Jewish National Home’ including south Lebanon and the Litani river within its suggested borders.

In the 1950s, taking advantage of religious divisions in the Lebanese state, Chief of the General Staff of the Israeli Armed Forces Moshe Dayan, proposed that a separate Lebanese Maronite Christian state be established in the region, with whom Tel Aviv could sign a peace treaty. The terms of such a treaty, imposed by force of Israeli arms, would include the ceding of the Litani River by the Maronite state to Israeli control.

The intent to occupy south Lebanon is not a recent development in Israeli politics, nor is it motivated by purely defensive considerations. As Moshe Gilad writes in Haaretz, republished here, the obsessive preoccupation with the Litani predates the founding of Hezbollah, and the 1979 Iranian revolution, by decades.

Gilad explains in his article that Heraclitus, the Ancient Greek philosopher, observed that you cannot step into the same river twice. Reality is in constant flux, and the Litani River, like all others, constantly flows. However, the fixation of Zionist leaders on the Litani has never changed.

Perhaps there is some biblical reason behind the drive to occupy south Lebanon? After all, Zionism’s partisans never tire of using biblical references to provide a justification for their expansionist designs. Israeli prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu routinely refers to Palestinian territory of the West Bank as Judea and Samaria, summoning biblical names for the modern day.

Actually, the Litani River is not mentioned in the bible.

Be that as it may, Zionist politicians and their supporters routinely depict the establishment of the state of Israel as an outcome of biblical prophecy, a regathering of the world’s Jewish population to their ancestral, biblically ordained homeland. That sounds nice, until we consider a now-forgotten chapter in the history of the Zionist movement – the shopping around for a proposed Jewish national home in lands with absolutely no biblical connection whatsoever.

Theodor Herzl, and subsequent Zionist leaders, repeatedly considered proposals for a new Jewish state in African lands, particularly those from British colonial possessions. Britain controlled extensive African territory at the turn of the nineteenth-twentieth centuries, and actively considered provided land in British East Africa (today in Kenya) as a place for relocating European Jewish people.

Europe was an antisemitic place, a place of pogroms, massacres of and discrimination against Jews. Dumping the surplus Jewish population in a remote location appealed to British colonial authorities. The Uganda Plan, as it was known (inaccurately too) was also considered by the early Zionist organisation.

The plan was debated and ultimately rejected by Herzl and associated Zionist leaders, mainly because of opposition to the scheme not only from within the Zionist movement, but also from white British settlers in East Africa.

Madagascar was also another proposed location for a Jewish national home, before Palestine. The Belgian Congo, Italian-occupied Libya – all were examined as serious proposals for dumping Europe’s Jewish population. Each was rejected, but this reflects the ‘shopping around’ mentality of the World Zionist organisation in its formative years. Biblical prophecies of an ingathering in the promised land did not figure into their calculations until much later.

We would do well to examine the ostensible rationales for war offered up by aggressor parties, and uncover the strategic calculations underlying them. The Australian Foreign Minister, known for wagging her finger vigorously at naughty representatives of the Israeli government, would be well advised to upgrade her symbolic disapproval of Tel Aviv’s warfare, and take concrete steps to cut Canberra’s ongoing connection with the Israeli military machine.

In my previous blog article, I referred to the increasing trend of AI replacing humans in various highly-skilled industries. Occupations which required years of training and sophisticated technical expertise are now being occupied by generative AI, replacing the human factor. One such occupation where AI is increasingly taking over is that of the fighter pilot.

The human Top Gun is steadily being replaced by drones and computer-controlled automated systems. It is not just me saying this; experts in the field are increasingly sounding the alarm bells about this development. It is true that senior US military officers are pushing back against AI-drone doomerism. Brigadier General Doug Wickert (US Air Force) has stated that AI pilots are still years away from realisation.

Be that as it may, let’s examine this issue of AI piloted drones replacing the fighter ace pilot.

Harrison Kass, a lawyer and Air Force pilot training school graduate, explores this topic in his article. Human air fighter pilots are prone to making human errors; drones and AI driven fighter planes do not require toilet breaks. An F-15E, an American fighter plane, costs millions to make – $65 million to be exact, according to Kass. Training a pilot for missions in such a plane costs 8 million dollars, and each hour of operation costs $30 000 for fuel and maintenance.

Surely it makes financial sense to entrust expensive equipment like that in a computer system, not in human hands? Drones and AI piloted aircraft sound like a financially viable alternative to human fighter pilots, but as Kass explains, no young person grows up idolising and wanting to be a drone operator; they grow up, like Kass himself did, dreaming of becoming a fighter pilot.

The gallant, courageous, morally upstanding fighter ace image predates the Top Gun movies by decades. Indeed, during World War One, the French and Germans put out cultural propaganda promoting the fighter pilot as the epitome of daring, dedication to nation, and glamorous fame. Dogfights with the Red Baron were portrayed in posters and associated Hollywood movies.

The United States, never a nation to lag behind in the promotion of war propaganda, developed its own narrative of heroic pilots. The late John Wayne portrayed a fighter pilot in a Cold War romance propaganda film in 1957. In the 1970s, Robert Redford reminded us of the post-WW1 American aviators and their derring-do exploits in The Great Waldo Pepper.

The fighter pilot became the archetypal hero; resilient in the face of difficulties, setting aside personal problems to serve their country, the fighter pilot embodied patriotic devotion to duty, no matter the circumstances.

It was, of course, the Top Gun movies that were the most successful in promoting the image of the heroic, clean cut military aviator. Well, the fighter pilot profession did need a makeover; after the Vietnam war, when Air Force pilots bombed villages, schools, hospitals, water treatment plants, napalming entire region, spreading chemical poisoning, the line between fighter pilot and war criminal was crossed.

The US Air Force dropped more tonnage of bombs onto the tiny nation of Laos during the 1970s than during all of its aerial operations against German-occupied Europe. This information tarnished the popular image of the fighter pilot as a sturdy, resolute defender of freedom. The admiration for military aviators was reduced as knowledge about their war crimes spread throughout the American population.

Kass wants us to admire and respect the skills, intelligence and courage of the human fighter pilots currently under threat of redundancy from AI systems. Drones cannot inspire future generations to join the air force.

I think I understand where he is coming from. I have a suggestion that makes sense given Kass’ frame of reference.

The original Top Gun aviators were African Americans. They should be widely promoted as examples of heroism, skill, and dedication to country – a nation which rejected them.

The original Top Gun military aviators in the United States were black. African American servicemen proved their superior air combat skills and intelligence in the very first aviation competition, organised by the US Air Force, in May 1949. The victory of the Tuskegee airmen was ignored by their white counterparts, forgotten by the lily-white officer class, and their trophy packed away.

In fact, let us rebuff the systematic effort by the Trump-MAGA cult, a network of financial fraudsters and child abusers masquerading as politicians, from abolishing black studies altogether. The MAGA cult has, under the banner of ‘fighting wokism’, overseen the dismantling of African American studies in universities across the United States.

One major consequence of this cultural war is the erasure of the contributions of African American military veterans. African Americans fought for the United States in World Wars One and Two; they returned to a country that rejected them, and subjected them to racial violence.

In December 1946, John T Walker, a black Navy veteran, returned home to California. Demobilised at the conclusion of World War Two, he had hoped to build a peaceful life. Instead, he found his home in flames. White attackers burned his house down. The arsonists left him a note, in which they clearly expressed their feelings:

We burned your house to let you know that your presence is not wanted among white people. You should know by now we mean business. Niggers who are veterans are making a mistake thinking they can live in white residential districts.

Walker’s experience was not exceptional.

Isaac Woodward, a black US army veteran, boarded a bus in South Carolina in February 1946. Brutally beaten by South Carolina police, he was blinded in the attack. Lynwood Shull, the police chief who led the assault, was taken to court. The all-white jury acquitted Shull of all charges in 28 minutes.

Decades later, and after Woodward himself passed away of natural causes in 1992, his case was revisited – his conviction overturned.

I have no opinion on whether or not AI should replace human fighter pilots. That is a decision for the US Air Force to make. I do know that AI has no ethics or values, but humans do. AI does not care about human life, or the environment. It has no concept of empathy or compassion, or concern for consequences.

Introducing AI will only reduce human accountability. If a warplane bombs the wrong target, or innocent civilians are killed, who is to blame, the AI or the commander directing it?

Let’s abandon the propagandistic Top Gun Tom Cruise stereotype, and honour the African American veterans, who loyally served and risked their lives in combat, but were denied recognition they richly deserved.

In Australia, as in the UK, there is large cliche industry called royal watching. Numerous stories about the lives and loves of various royal family members fill the newspaper pages and clog up the tv screens. The adventures of Harry and Meghan were a staple of this particular genre. Royal watching does not interest me in the least, let alone the sexual escapades of royals and vacuous celebrities.

However, for the purpose of the current article, I am willing to combine the two topics that while marginally interesting to me, take up untold hours of tv screen time; royal families and sex.

Most of us in the Anglophone communities have heard of Tutankhamun, the king from ancient Egypt, due to the 1922 discovery of his burial place. I get asked about him whenever I mention that my parents come from Egypt. The subject of Egyptomania still occupies the fascination of Anglophone audiences.

But here is something you do not know about him, a fact that opens a window into the lives of royal dynasties. Tutankhamun’s mother and father were also siblings – cousins to be sure. The good king was a child of a sibling sexual relationship. Inbreeding, also known as consanguineous marriages, was a common practice among royal families attempting to concentrate power in a closed circle of hands.

Many unresolved questions still remain regarding Tutankhamun’s lineage, but his ancestry is full of incest and intrigue. His was certainly not the first or last royal dynasty to practice consanguineous marriages.

We all know about Cleopatra, the Queen of Egypt from Macedonian Greek heritage. Richard Burton fell in love with her when he, (Marc Antony), went to Egypt and saw Elizabeth Taylor (Cleopatra). She was a member of the Ptolemaic Dynasty, descended from Ptolemy, one of Alexander the Great’s generals. Seizing power in Egypt in the immediate aftermath of Alexander’s death, Ptolemy founded his own ruling dynasty. His descendants, such as his son and successor Ptolemy II, married siblings.

Indeed, Ptolemy II married his sister, Arsinoe II. Indeed, King Ptolemy II was known as philadelpus, which in Greek means ‘sibling lover.’ Keeping power in the one family was a primary motivation for this inbreeding.

However, as we all realise today, consanguineous marriages come with a host of problems – mainly medical.

The Habsburgs, once a powerful German-Austrian royal dynasty whose power and influence extended across European kingdoms, consolidated their power by consanguineous intermarriage. It was also, ironically, a cause of their ultimate downfall.

The danger of consanguineous marriages is the increasing likelihood of harmful alleles, located on recessive genes, combining in the offspring, thus finding phenotypic expression. The now famous Habsburg jaw, the jutting lower jaw which doctors call mandibular prognathism, was the result of generations of inbreeding.

When siblings have children, the homozygosity of their children increases. Having a restricted gene pool, numerous hereditary conditions arise. The final Habsburg king, Charles II of Spain, not only had a lower jaw overbite, he also suffered from multiple chronic medical conditions.

Experiencing epilepsy, intestinal problems, and unable to have children he was nicknamed ‘the bewitched’ or the ‘cursed’ by his contemporaries. Dying at barely 38 years of age in 1700, he left no heirs.

His father, Philip IV, had married his niece. This, combined with centuries of inbreeding, only amplified the inbreeding coefficient, the likelihood that two identical genes, in particular recessive ones with deleterious alleles, will combine due to the closeness of their parents’ relation.

Royal dynasties, over the years, have practiced consanguineous marriages as a matter of power consolidation. This practice is no longer such a serious problem in Europe. Well, let’s be clear, the late Queen Elizabeth II married her third cousin. While not a direct sibling relationship, it still ranks as a marriage of consanguinity.

Sibling relationships are still a large and important factor, not among the European royal families, but among the Gulf petroleum monarchies. The Saudis, Kuwaitis, Emiratis, Bahrainis and similar royal families still carefully select marriage partners from siblings. Extended siblings to be sure, but the inbreeding coefficient is still there.

No, I am not suggesting that the Arab-Muslim Persian Gulf peoples are culturally regressive or backwards – by no means. I am highlighting the physiological problems arising from frequent consanguineous marriages, and the political and economic consequences that can result.

I have only written once before about Harry and Meghan, in all these years. I have no desire to follow the soap opera saga that their relationship with the British royal family has become. The only salient point here is how the Windsor-Mountbatten-Battenberg-Saxe-Coburg-Gotha royal family of Britain has treated, or mistreated, a woman of colour.

What did Meghan expect to happen by marrying into the royal inbred dynasty as an outsider, and person of biracial background? Royal dynasties intermarry not for reasons of pure romantic love (the heart wants what the heart wants) but for reasons of consolidating wealth into familial hands. Outsiders are not easily accepted, if ever, as equals.

There is one royal event which I have kept in mind all these years. My late father would explain to me in great detail about this particular event, which involved the enforced abdication, and end of, a royal dynasty.

This was the July 1952 revolution in Egypt, when nationalist minded army officers carried out a revolutionary overthrow, ousting the British-backed hereditary monarchy of King Farouk. The latter was the head of the Alawiyya family, an Arabised dynasty of Albanian origin. My father lived through those events, enthusiastically supporting the revolution, and emphasising its singular historical importance.

No, I am not suggesting that military officers take political power in a particular nation. However, that method of removing a royal family has retained its appeal to me to this very day.

Josef Mengele, the Nazi SS officer and doctor at Auschwitz, escaped justice in Europe by fleeing to South America. He conducted horrific medical experiments on concentration camp inmates, crimes which fell into the category of crimes against humanity. In 1945, he fled Europe amidst the ruins of the war.

He found refuge in South American nations.

First settling into a new life in Argentina after the war, he died in Brazil, with family and friends. His sanctuary was protected by a network of sympathisers. Living under a pseudonym, he nevertheless lived openly, set up businesses and bought farmland. He went canoeing with his grandchildren and the kids of family friends.

The Auschwitz doctor found, if not Nazis, then people who viewed his perspective sympathetically, among Germans in Brazil and Argentina. He lived for approximately 40 years after the end of WW2, dying of a stroke in 1979. While resident in Argentina and Brazil, he made overseas trips to West Germany. He could not have done so without authenticating his true identity.

What has all this got to do with Croatian expats?

Jasenovac, a concentration camp in Croatia during WW2, is the Auschwitz of the Balkans. Created and maintained by the Nazi satellite state of the Ustasha (Insurgent) movement, the atrocities committed by the Ustasha state have been systematically downplayed and minimised by Croatian expatriate communities in Australia, the United States, Britain and other countries.

No, not every expat Croatian is a Nazi. But the Jasenovac camp has been the target of a relentless campaign by the Croat expat community. To what end? To minimise the horror and cruelty of the genocidal crimes committed by the Croat ultranationalist Ustsha regime, thus rehabilitating its doctrines and the personnel who implemented them.

Let’s sort all of this out.

To be clear, no, the Germans in Brazil were not all Nazi fugitives. There is a long history of German immigration to Brazil. Thousands of Germans settled in that country from 1815 onwards, at the invitation of the Brazilian government. The latter nation, newly independent, offered German farmers land, seed and agricultural equipment for them to settle.

In the immediate aftermath of the Napoleonic wars, the German states were impoverished, land was devastated, and economic prospects were poor. Brazil provided a combined package – land and startup money for German farmers. Thousands took up this offer, and settled in Brazil over the years.

There was another motivation underlying the Brazilian government’s offer – to whiten the population. Germans being good white European stock were acceptable migrants. Let us also remember that German settlers, having taken up farming in Brazil, were also required to serve in the army. The Brazilian emperor, Don Pedro I, launched a series of frontier wars against the indigenous people. German soldiers participated in massacres of indigenous nations, and that is the bleak side of the German immigration success story.

It is wrong to portray Germans in Brazil as being composed of former Nazi fugitives. However, there were Mengele sympathisers ready and willing to provide sanctuary for the Auschwitz doctor.

While Auschwitz has come to symbolise a place of unspeakable racist-driven horrors and cruelties, the Croatian concentration camp Jasenovac has escaped such a culturally iconographic status – if such a positive description can be used for a place of inhumanity. The Independent State of Croatia (called Nezavisna Država Hrvatska in Croatian, NDH) lasted from 1941 to 1945, under German protection. Its leader, Ante Pavelic, modeled his movement the Ustasha on the Italian fascist government.

Identifying strongly with the Nazi regime, the NDH established the Jasenovac concentration camp on their own initiative, not at the request or instruction of the Nazi leadership. It was the only instance of a Nazi satellite state establishing its own concentration camp, in direct imitation of Nazi Germany.

Serbs, Jews, Roma, and antifascist Croatians were routinely massacred using gruesome methods. Jasenovac was the only camp that had a separate sub-camp for children. Prisoners were dispatched with sledgehammers, knives, and pregnant women had their uterus cut out. The NDH passed racial laws, copying the example of the 1935 Nuremberg racial exclusion laws in Germany.

Pavelic and his colleagues wanted to create an ethnically pure Croatia, cleansed of all non-Croat communities and cultures.

This particular camp has become the topic of intense controversy and debate, particularly among the expatriate Croatian population. Let’s accept the lower estimates of the number of victims killed in this camp – 100 000. Let us say for the moment, that the postwar Yugoslav Communist authorities exaggerated the numbers of those murdered at Jasenovac. Correcting an overinflated figure is one thing.

What is occurring however, is not just an academic exercise in correcting misinformation. The mainstream Croatian expatriate organisations have engaged in a systematic, persistent exercise in denial and Holocaust obfuscation, minimising and even denying that Jasenovac was a death camp.

By denying the racialised criminality of the NDH regime, they have helped to rehabilitate this so-called independent Croatia, obfuscating its ideological similarities and military ties with Nazi Germany. The far right inside Croatia today draw their strength from expatriate communities.

This rightwing revisionist rewriting of Jasenovac’s history is not confined to recent times. In 1991, Croatian president Franjo Tudjman, declared that the high point of Croatia’s long centuries of history, was the 1941-45 NDH regime. He conveniently omitted to mention that it was a blood-drenched murderous Nazi satellite state.

We deplore those German immigrants who gave sanctuary to the Angel of Death, the Auschwitz Doctor Josef Mengele. What can we say about those in the Croatian diaspora who insist on rehabilitating the Auschwitz of the Balkans? Jasenovac demonstrates that rather than revive the past glories of Croatian history, the 1941-45 NDH chapter forms one of the most shameful chapters in that nation’s history.

The topic of genocide is not one I would have chosen for myself, but one that I have had to tackle given my Armenian heritage. As children and grandchildren of genocide survivors, Armenians in the diaspora have had to carry a certain weight of history. Why do genocides occur? What was the Holocaust? How do we prevent ethnic cleaning in the future?

Grappling with these questions leads us down different paths, difficult topics to be sure, but also quite fruitful. They help us to understand today’s problems and challenges. I do not get out of bed every morning with the intention of writing about the Holocaust and similar genocides every day, but it is worth examining whom and for what reasons genocide perpetrators are given comfort or sanctuary.

April 25 is not an official public holiday outside of Australia and New Zealand, but it is nevertheless an important anniversary to be remembered. I am not referring to Anzac Day, important as that is. On April 25, 1945, American and Soviet troops met up for the first time on the Elbe River, near the city of Torgau, eastern-central Germany. The Soviets fought their way to Nazi Germany from Moscow. The US, having opened a second front in Western Europe in June 1944, fought their way to Germany.

The meeting of both sides, fighting in a common struggle against fascism and the perpetrators of the Holocaust, was a joyous occasion. There was singing, dancing and drinking. Hugs and handshakes were exchanged between Soviet and American troops. Some formed lifelong friendships which survived through the subsequent decades.

Though not an official holiday, the Elbe river meeting is still commemorated until today. The Russian ambassador to the US visits Arlington National Cemetery where American veterans of World War Two, among other conflicts, are buried.

The Elbe Day spirit seemed to augur well, a spirit of cooperation and friendship across borders. Superpower cooperation in an atmosphere of mutual cordiality ruled the day. That spirit however, did not last long.

When Allied troops landed on the coast of France on June 6, 1944 (D-Day), there were accompanied by thousands of American intelligence agents. Their purpose was to collect, collate and organise information about German scientists, their military work, their technical expertise, and even the individual scientists themselves. Once captured, this information and the relevant Nazi scientists were transported via detention camps to mainland United States.

Nazi scientists, those who had helped to implement the worst atrocities of the Holocaust, were heading West.

President Franklin Roosevelt, while leading the negotiations with the other Allied powers, was weakened and dying by late 1944. He hung on to witness the formal end of hostilities. The military intelligence complex, and what would become the nucleus of the future CIA, debriefed the captured German scientists for their eventual employment in US government scientific establishments.

The knowledge capital and skills of these ex-Nazis was required in the struggle against Soviet communism. Their wartime crimes were conveniently ignored.

A typical example of the type of scientist provided refuge in the US after the war is Dr Siegfried Rascher. A medical doctor at Dachau concentration camp, the good doctor conducted experiments on Jewish camp inmates, Soviet prisoners of war, and Polish underground resistance fighters.

For instance, he locked prisoners in specially made low pressure chambers, which simulated oxygen-lacking conditions at high altitudes. Numerous prisoners asphyxiated, suffered from brain injuries due to cerebral hypoxia. Those who miraculously survived in a semi-conscious state were drowned in vats of ice water. Rascher filmed his experiments and autopsies, and sent his results to Nazi authorities.

Wernher von Braun, one of the most famous Nazi rocket scientists to find refuge in the US, relied on slave labourers to provide the materials for his creations. Thousands of prisoners from concentration camps were worked to death, supervised by attendant Nazi foremen.

Georg Rickhey was one such psupervisor at the Dora concentration camp, who was whisked away by the Office of Strategic Services (OSS), one of the predecessor components of the CIA. Rickhey, when confronted by prisoners sabotaging production, would hang them 12 at a time. Children at the Dora camp were considered ‘useless mouths’, and Richkey ordered SS troops to club them to death, an order that was carried out.

US military intelligence interrogated thousands of Nazi officers similar to Rickhey, so there was no question that they knew the full extent of the horrors to which concentration camp inmates were subjected. Escaping war crimes trials in Europe, these scientists were considered useful assets in the new Cold War political climate. Rickhey, an engineer by training, was one of thousands of German beneficiaries of Operation Paperclip.

The Elbe day spirit was well and truly dead by the early 1950s.

The horrendous methods employed by Nazi German scientists had been condemned at the Nuremberg trials, and subsequent international military tribunals. By providing sanctuary for, and employing, Nazi scientists, the US authorities were deliberately turning their backs on the victims of the Holocaust. Operation Paperclip was a direct slap in the face for all the US soldiers who had helped liberate the Dachau concentration camp, among others.

On April 29, 1945, when US soldiers confronted the horrific suffering in Dachau, between 35 and 50 German SS officers were killed in reprisal. You are free to condemn these reprisals, but I will not. I do not place an equals sign between the moral culpability of the sadistic SS guards, and the US soldiers who killed in defence of the Dachau camp inmates.

What should be condemned are the actions of the US authorities who deliberately cooperated with and provided employment for those who facilitated the Holocaust and the Nazi war machine. They abandoned the spirit of Elbe for their own geopolitical interests.

There are two words that are certain to bring anxiety and stress to every high school student. A tsunami of groans followed by a sinking feeling overwhelm the student who hears the two most dreaded words – William Shakespeare.

It is quite true that Shakespeare’s works can be difficult, even inaccessible, to a modern English-speaking audience. The language has evolved over the centuries; the nation of Britain has changed many times over since Shakespeare’s day. There was no such formation as the United Kingdom when he passed away in 1616. The Union Jack, the flag with which Australians are familiar, only became the national flag of England in 1707, nearly a century after Shakespeare’s death.

The language he wrote in is archaic and unfamiliar to us today. There are ways to teach his works to a contemporary audience, which will not only lessen the weary groans and existential dread of the high school student, but also make him relevant to the general reading public.

Shakespeare wrote about love, hate, romance, loyalty, jealousy, trust, betrayal, civil war, morale, morals, prejudice, history, politics, comedy, tragedy, insanity, courage – he covered the entire gamut of the human condition and experience in his plays. No, I am not ignoring or downplaying the contributions of writers from nonwhite backgrounds. James Baldwin, Toni Morrison, W E B Du Bois – these writers are all important.

I have written about globalising the literature curriculum previously, and I still stand by that article. I am not opposed to Shakespeare, but to uncritical bardolatry – the elevation of Shakespeare into a semi-legendary figure that excludes all others. Do not wield Shakespeare as a literary cudgel in the service of British empire loyalism.

The influence of Shakespeare’s writings is still with us, and its reach can be subtle yet distinct. We all know about the stirring speech delivered by William Wallace to his Scottish fighters when confronted by a militarily superior English army in the semi-fictional but entertaining movie, Braveheart (1995). Well, actually it was Mel Gibson, and his movie was largely the product of Hollywood imagination, but a great movie nevertheless.

Wallace/Gibson’s speech, a pre battle exhortation to fight the dreaded English, ends with the following morale-boosting lines:

“Aye, fight and you may die. Run and you’ll live — at least a while. And dying in your beds many years from now, would you be willing to trade all the days from this day to that for one chance, just one chance to come back here and tell our enemies that they may take our lives, but they’ll never take our freedom!”

This rousing exhortation is at least partially inspired by the more famous St Crispin’s Day speech from Shakespeare’s Henry V. Gibson is a classically trained actor, who has produced and performed Shakespeare’s plays.

One the eve of the Battle of Agincourt, Shakespeare has the heroic Henry V deliver a powerful oration, drumming up the courage and morale of his vastly outnumbered troops. Speaking about themes of honour, loyalty, and immortality, his speech remains one of the most quoted of Shakespeare’s works.

You may find the original text, alongside a modern updated version, at the No Sweat Shakespeare web page. I will not reproduce the entire speech here, because it will make the current article excessively lengthy. However, let’s focus on the crux of the speech, namely, Henry’s statement that years from now, the soldiers who fought in this battle will remember with pride their heroism, forming a ‘band of brothers.’

Here is the modernised translation of the last portion of his speech:

Old men are forgetful, but even if he remembers nothing else he’ll remember, with embroideries, what feats he did that day. Then our names, as familiar in his mouth as household words – Harry the King, Bedford and Exeter, Warwick and Talbot, Salisbury and Gloucester – will be remembered in their toasts. This good man will teach his son, and Crispin Crispian will never pass from today until the end of the world without us being remembered: we few; we happy few; we band of brothers!

The man who sheds his blood with me shall be my brother; however humble he may be, this day will elevate his status. And gentlemen in England, still lying in their beds, will think themselves accursed because they were not here, and be in awe while anyone speaks who fought with us upon Saint Crispin’s day.’

Indeed, Shakespeare rescued the feast day of St Crispin from obscurity. The feast day, falling on October 25, commemorates the martyrdom of brothers Crispin and Crispinian in 286 CE. Persecuted for their faith, they were tortured and killed during the reign of Roman emperor Diocletian.

Declared the patron saints of shoemakers, this particular feast day was removed from the liturgical calendar by the Second Vatican Council because there was not enough evidence to support the story. Ironic isn’t it – the Vatican demanding evidence before it believes in something…..Noah’s ark anyone, the talking snake, the virgin birth….?

Be that as it may, the St Crispin’s day speech has inspired numerous dramaturgical orations. Who could forget President Bill Pullman’s rousing invocation to unite and fight the all-powerful extraterrestrial invaders in Independence Day? All of us, whether rich or poor, were united by the common cause of rescuing humanity from doom, regardless of a person’s rank, social standing or societal status?

Henry V, when inspiring his troops, states that no matter a person’s social status, whether ‘vile’ (which meant lowly-born at the time) or a gentleman, all had equal standing to achieve glory and immortality by fighting the French at Agincourt.

The English went on to win that battle in 1415, and the St Crispin’s Day speech has become a touchstone of English nationalism, and the stuff of nightmares for generations of students.

No need to wrap Shakespeare in the mantle of Union Jack empire loyalism. Let’s tackle the subject matter with updated, modern translations that preserve the meaning and spirit of the original. Making his work accessible does not have to come at the expense of conceptual originality and integrity.